Top Ten Reasons Why People with Autism May Struggle To Develop and Maintain Friendships...

Lauren Smith • Jan 18, 2022

Social interactions can be baffling for people on the autism spectrum. They may become easily overwhelmed or frustrated when they try to develop and sustain friendships. Making friends can be frightening, confusing and anxiety-provoking for people with autism. There are various reasons why people with autism may find it challenging to make and maintain friendships.


1. They may be unsure of what to say or how to say it.

Conversation can be a minefield for people with autism. Initiating conversation (finding things to say) can be challenging. Even though they may like to speak and want to make friends, they may be too worried to do so or may be unsure of whether the feelings are mutual. When people feel especially anxious, they may get tongue-tied or forget what they want to say altogether. This is very true for some people on the spectrum.


2. They may struggle to understand body language, facial expressions and gestures.

They may not realise that being in a certain proximity means people are trying to be friendly. A lot of people with autism may find it hard to tell a fake friend from a true friend, leading to bullying. However, social skills sessions are beneficial in supporting students with autism to recognise these signs, learn how to read other’s and adapt their own non-verbal cues according to the context.


3. They may become particularly anxious in certain social situations.

Several people with autism also experience heightened levels of anxiety, particularly in social situations, given the nature of the condition. Making friends can cause anxiety because of the high expectations people set and any self-consciousness people with autism have. There is often an expectation to keep up with other people, which those with autism can struggle with. Social media can be useful in developing friendships as the focus is only on the words, not the overwhelming non-verbal cues that goes with communication and can reduce the anxiety that face-to-face interactions can bring.


4. Making compromises and coping with routine changes can be challenging due to inflexible ‘black and white’ thought processes.

Having a routine provides predictability and comfort; it is a way of reducing anxiety. Therefore, people with autism may struggle if other people change their minds after plans have been arranged or turn up late. This can cause immense frustration. This can also mean they may find it hard to see other people’s perceptions of situations. Having clear arrangements with friends, including knowing when interactions will begin and end and explaining how the person feels if the plan is cancelled, can be really helpful.


5. They may not feel confident in their own abilities.

 Feeling self-conscious, timid and anxious can make it undoubtedly harder for people with autism to establish friendships. Negative self-talk can lead to feelings of inadequacy. Confidence building and resiliency sessions, the use of coping cue cards and being aware of what being and having a friend means can be of benefit.


6. They may latch on to previous negative experiences and expect the same thing to happen in every friendship.

The breakdown of some friendships can lead to feelings of worthlessness, isolation and upset. It can be extremely difficult for a person with autism to move on from past memories and experiences, meaning that they may associate present or future social relationships with previous, negative situations.


7. Disclosing autism to people can be a hard thing to decide.

There are many advantages and disadvantages of disclosing autism to people, including those you want to be friends with. Some people may not look beyond the ‘label’ and explore the many strengths of the person with autism. This can make it hard for people to make friends as other people may not be open-minded or understanding. It can be incredibly frustrating and upsetting if a friendship breaks down because the autism is disclosed, but this can often mean the other person is not worth your time and effort. On the other hand, if a positive relationship is formed, the person may have an in-depth understanding of the condition and this would give people a chance to reveal their true colours. Autism can have many positives; it’s important to be proud of who you are and make small steps towards achieving your goals.


8. They may appear to be too over-friendly.

People with autism may get easily attached to people, leading them to become over-friendly. It can be difficult to understand other people’s roles and perceptions, therefore what they feel is appropriate, may be considered as socially unacceptable. This misunderstanding can lead to a difficulty in establishing friendships. I think laying down boundaries and understanding how to behave around particular people in the social network is beneficial; Michelle Garcia Winner’s Social Thinking concept could support learning around this topic.


9. Emotional understanding, regulation and expression can be challenging.

They may be very sensitive to other people’s thoughts. They may also find it hard to understand the stages of friendships, which can lead to confused emotions. They may struggle to cope with anxiety that could be linked to them not knowing what to say in conversations. Anxiety can lead to the avoidance of social situations. This can make the individual with autism become socially isolated, meaning they have limited opportunities to make new friends. Trying to explore appropriate expressions of emotion and developing a small, positive social network can be a useful tool.


10. There is a constant expectation to maintain the friendship.

Keeping in contact with friends can be difficult because people on the autism spectrum may not know how often to contact their friend and may become upset and disappointed if their friend doesn’t reply for whatever reason; this may lead to them feeling as though they’ve upset their friend. This may cause overwhelming anxiety and frustration.


It is important to work around these challenges to develop worthwhile, positive relationships with those on the spectrum. People need to have an understanding and supportive approach and be aware that everyone with autism is different. Some people with autism may crave social interactions on a regular basis, whereas others prefer more alone time. It is important to be respectful of the person’s needs and ask them directly, what they would like and how social situations can be made easier. Making small adjustments and compromises can help those with autism feel more comfortable and able to express themselves. People with autism are just like anyone else; they want the opportunity to be involved and contribute. Often, those with autism are fun-loving, inquisitive and kind-hearted, so please take some extra time to include and get to know them.


To support children and young people with autism to develop friendships and gain self-confidence, I have set up a monthly social group in North Somerset. We organise a variety of engaging activities that the young people would like to participate in. To get involved, please get in touch!


Written by Lauren Smith

A Different Perspective CIC



By Lauren Smith 20 Jun, 2022
You don’t understand the depths of my emotion, When you push me into doing things I feel uncomfortable with. You don’t truly understand the intensity of the anxiety I experience, So, don’t say that I don’t meet you halfway. To walk down the street with bustling crowds and flashing lights, To sit in a class full of commotion and chaos, To sit in the canteen, desperate for friendship, a sense of belonging, Causes me immense anxiety and makes me urge to escape. At college, I have to mask my personality, Battle my constant fears, And try to act up to any expectations you set, And you have the audacity to say I don’t meet you halfway. I might be lucky – I have all that I need. But when my anxiety and negative self-talk overflows, I crumble. Obviously, I’m lucky – autism is a gift, a treasure, something to be proud of, But I struggle immensely with almost everything you take for granted. Look at how far I’ve come, I’ve survived the shudders of secondary school, got through prom, And started college all on my own. Would you rather me make continual but gradual progress, or do you want me to fail and break down under pressure? There’s all or nothing in my world – it’s called black and white thinking – struggling to read between the lines, I either do something I feel happy and content with or I do absolutely nothing at all. So, when you push me into doing something: role plays, presentations, a work placement… I refuse and break down, simply because it’s overwhelming; how do you expect me to cope? I know you think you know how to help me; you work in the field of inclusive practise, But actually, you don’t know me – I am an individual with autism. I am the only one who knows what’s best, You don’t know me – but I do! Don’t try and put words into my mouth – trust me – it doesn’t work! My knowledge probably comes across as intimidating, I’ve researched the condition endlessly. I’ve devised a set of my own coping mechanisms, What works for one child with autism, probably won’t work for me – recognising individuality is the key! Socialising is draining – exhausting and overwhelming, To say hello to a friend is just as hard for me as starting a job is for you – daunting and frightening, I have less social energy than you to start with, So, imagine, how tired I feel by the end of every day – any additional stress and anxiety causes a shutdown – this causes an inability to function or communicate at all. I may be socially inept, considered as unsociable, But, sometimes your social skills can be just as poor, I don’t think you realise how excruciatingly difficult it is for me to make friends at the best of times, It becomes near impossible to develop a friendship with added pressure. The frustrations I experience continually, on a day to day basis, may seem unimportant to you – ridiculous maybe, You can block out the world whenever you want – I can’t, I am constantly trapped in a world which seems isolating, confusing and demoralising – I feel deflated. Yet you feel you can make comments, like ‘you’re not meeting me halfway.’ Some may say I’ve been sheltered, protected from the world, I’ve felt secure for too long, Well, I’m now in the outer world – being thrown into the deep end, And I’ve instantly realised one of the most important things. I’ve said it before and will continue to say it until the message is clear, Autism is a spectrum condition, but not every person on the spectrum is the same! The fact is often missed as people with autism share certain traits, Honestly, we all have different needs and one box doesn’t help us at all – we don’t want to be categorised into what you see as the ‘norm’ or ‘correct way of society.’ I am a person with autism – I am human and I have feelings, I have a voice and a right to express my own valued opinions, So, next time you imply you want me to meet you halfway, Question your knowledge beforehand and consider how making unfair, judgemental, detrimental comments will help me cope. I will continue to fight for my rights – I’ve fought from the second I was born, I believe, I should be respected and my differences embraced, My needs challenged but at my own pace, My positive contributions and achievements should be acknowledged for one and celebrated for another. I think you should start listening to my voice, quiet but fierce, And meet me halfway! Don’t discriminate or stereotype – just accept and support me, in the suggested ways! Autism awareness is a highlight for me, No matter how many books you’ve read, videos you’ve watched or people you’ve spoken to about the subject, If you haven’t walked my long trudge of a path, You don’t have the true understanding of the disability. That’s right – I have a disability, A hidden disability, where guilt, shame, upset, anger and anxiety threaten to trickle through, when I’m overwhelmed, My life is a battle – a rollercoaster – a challenge, So, maybe you should, for once, meet me halfway! Written by Lauren Smith A Different Perspective CIC
By Lauren Smith 22 Apr, 2022
Academic Studies: As A Levels are advanced studies, the content of work can be difficult to grasp. Sometimes, the concepts can be very confusing, meaning that it takes me longer to get to grips with it. There are numerous key terms to be learnt. Also, the workload is fairly heavy, with many essays to be written. It can be very demanding and is definitely a big step up from GCSE’s. One of the main difficulties I’ve had with A Levels is motivation – do I want to put the effort into the work? Motivation can be a struggle for some people on the autism spectrum. It’s important that teachers work with the individual to understand what they want to gain out of the course and learn what is best going to help them to achieve their goal. Exams: Exams are an important part of the majority of college courses, particularly A Levels. It is common for people to experience anxiety surrounding exams, as it is thought that the grades awarded can determine the future. However, it is important to understand that there are other options if grades are not as hoped. With flexibility in mind, it can be easier to relax and focus on the revision, rather than stressing about the ‘what-if’ scenarios that are probably unlikely! On a personal note, I absolutely dread exams, particularly because of the time pressures and being unable to process the information and write the answer in a way that can be understood. It takes me longer to think about the answer and how to structure it. With mocks fast approaching, I am aware that solid revision and determination is the key to success! However, I do struggle with memorising information, especially when I haven’t fully understood the concepts taught in class. Communication: The majority of people on the autism spectrum have difficulties with social communication, social interaction and social imagination. These difficulties, otherwise known as the ‘triad of impairments’ can make social situations seem daunting and overwhelming and means that developing and maintaining friendships can be a challenge. From personal experience, my severe anxiety has caused me to feel shy around my peers. It is difficult being put into a group full of already established friendships, because it feels as though I’m an outsider. I’ve always been an observer, rather than a participant, however sometimes I would like to join in and contribute. Whenever there are group tasks assigned, fairly often in A Levels, I do struggle to get my voice heard due to my fear of getting the answer ‘wrong.’ Everyone else appears so confident and able to express their opinions, whereas I sit silently, thinking up good ideas that are unable to be shared. As I am extremely shy, I can be perceived as rude. The fact that my peers think I don’t want to be involved, represents a miscommunication, meaning that the others naturally overtake the group activities. I have especially high anxiety with regards to one-to-one conversations, mainly as I fear getting rejected. My previous friendships haven’t always been as easy to maintain as I’d hoped, leading me to latch onto negative experiences and feelings surrounding friendship. I find it particularly hard to initiate conversation; most of the time, I’m unsure of what to say, but if I do know what to say, my anxiety often prevents me from saying it anyway! It takes an awful lot of courage and confidence to say hello to someone in my class, which means that I often sit in silence, giving the impression that I don’t want friends (which is the total opposite of the truth!). I suppose at the beginning of A Levels, I was preoccupied by adjusting to the new environment, new teachers and workload and wasn’t really concerned about the social aspects of college life. Now, however, I have realised I would like to talk to people and build friendships, but I know what strain this puts me under. It often consumes most of my social energy, meaning that I cannot fully concentrate on my academic studies (it can be difficult to get a balance of socialising and college studies!) Support Strategies: Colour code/highlight key points of revision. Create coloured revision flashcards/mind maps with simplified information. Create a strategy of communication between you and your tutor e.g. written notes, a symbol or a multicoloured pencil case could be used to express that support is required. Create a clear career plan for the future, identify goals that you would like to achieve and look at manageable ways that this can be achieved. Make a revision timetable and ensure that any relaxation time is added. Give yourself downtime. Create a motivation board with your ultimate goal at the end of the journey and include all of the steps that are needed to help you achieve what you want. Use your special interests to help with motivation. Ensure that you can access essential exam information well in advance – what exam, where it will be, what time, how long for, what you will need to bring, any exam access arrangements. Practise past exam papers to help with structuring answers. Get familiar with the mark scheme. Gain feedback from teachers so an awareness is given of how to improve. Ask for more individual work as opposed to group work, as a reasonable adjustment. If group work is necessary, teachers could allocate the groups so that nobody gets left out and assign roles so that everyone can contribute. Use a communication toolbox/book/flashcards with tips and ideas for different social situations and to help have conversations and make friends. Practise basic skills in as many social situations as possible. Written by Lauren Smith A Different Perspective CIC
By Lauren Smith 22 Apr, 2022
As I’ve recently passed my driving test, I feel this is a good time to share some insight into driving from an autistic perspective. Driving requires a lot of rapid, mental processing. Driving involves being able to predict other people’s actions, co-ordinate various controls simultaneously, identify and respond to developing hazards, respond to changes (for instance, new road layouts, roadworks), make judgements about time and speed and to keep calm in tricky situations. Some autistic people can find this too challenging and choose not to drive, and that’s perfectly okay. However, it can be thought that autistic people have a spiky skillset – as an example, I struggle to tie shoelaces, put my hair up and cook due to executive function and motor coordination challenges yet I can drive. From my perspective, driving is thoroughly enjoyable and offers a sense of freedom and independence. I have gained transferable skills and have had confidence enabled in other areas of my life. Driving can be therapeutic as I can only focus on the task in hand. Having worked with a specialist disability driving instructor, my strengths were nurtured, and my challenges were understood and supported. My instructor encouraged me to believe in my abilities. Driving Test Day: When booking your driving test, you can specify that you would like a disability examiner and extra time, if you feel this may be helpful. You are allowed to ask for a break and for the examiner to repeat instructions if you need. A couple of weeks prior to my test, I started taking the Bach Rescue Remedy supplements. These are completely natural and helped calm my anxieties. I practised deep breaths beforehand, so that on test day I could use this as a calming strategy. I looked through positive affirmations and read through messages from friends, which helped me believe in myself and reframe any negative automatic thoughts. I kept my test date to myself, for the exception of a couple of close friends, to help relieve any pressure. I stuck to my normal routine on test day and had something prepared to do after my test. It may help to check out the test centre first. You could also watch YouTube videos of what to expect on the day. Try to pretend that either it is a mock test, the examiner is a passenger in your taxi, and they are directing you back to their house or you are with your friend going on an adventure. I did not try to change or do anything different on the test; I followed through with what my instructor had taught me. The first thing you will be asked to do is show your provisional license and theory test certificate and sign a document. You will then be asked to read a number plate from around 20 metres away. You will be asked to set up your car ready (e.g. adjust the mirrors, neck restraint etc). The examiner will explain to you what will happen during the test (the independent section of the drive will either be using a sat nav, that will be set up for you, or navigating via road signs). Before you start the drive, the examiner will ask you one ‘tell me’ question (this may involve you needing to open the bonnet and tell them how you would check something). As you drive, the examiner will ask you one ‘show me’ question (e.g. demonstrate how you would sound the horn, open and close the window, use dipped headlights, demist the windscreen etc). You will also be asked to perform two manoeuvres. The test will last around 40 minutes. You need 15 or less minors and no serious faults to pass. If you do not pass, remember that you will have another opportunity; try to see the test as a ‘mock’ and follow your examiner’s guidance during your driving lessons. General Driving Tips: Self-assess before you start driving – do you feel awake, are you calm, have you eaten? Always consider how your internal state will affect your driving. Having a good sleep routine, good diet and taking regular breaks is vital. Remind yourself of the importance of COAST – concentration, observation, anticipation, speed, time. Remind yourself of the importance of forward planning – looking further ahead and assessing situations and changes will help you respond, rather than react. Give yourself plenty of time, especially if you struggle with processing. Do not rush any aspect of driving, particularly the manoeuvres. Break down driving into small steps and think carefully about each step. I use an internal monologue to guide myself through the process – I use rhymes and phrases to help remind me of what to do on the road. I use the surroundings as a guide e.g., road markings, structure of parking bays. To help you apply driving skills to real life, consider this: You have the power to put the brakes on when something doesn’t look or feel right and to divert from the journey if you feel uncomfortable at any point. You also have the power to do a U turn if you start something and you no longer feel it serves you or is causing too much stress/anxiety. You have the controls to make a change if you need to. You can steer life in whatever way you choose. Give yourself time and plan ahead. Enjoy a lifetime of safe driving! :) Written by Lauren Smith A Different Perspective CIC
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